;;; Upper CYC(R) Ontology flat-file ;;; Copyright Cycorp 1997. All rights reserved. ;;;Cycorp License Agreement ;;;Cycorp is providing this material from the Cyc(tm) Upper ;;;Ontology at no charge, for everyone to use, including ;;;commercial service use and incorporation into products. ;;;However, it is not 'Public Domain.' Please acknowledge ;;;Cycorp, 3721 Executive Center Dr., Austin, TX 78731 in ;;;any use or citation of this material, and request that each ;;;further user include a full copy of this notice as well, ;;;in any use or citation they make of the material. All ;;;these terms equally apply to renamings and other ;;;logically equivalent reformulations of the material in ;;;any natural or formal language. Cycorp intends to ;;;amend and expand the material from time to time; the ;;;latest version is available at http://www.cyc.com ;;; #$WritingByHand (#$isa #$WritingByHand #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$WritingByHand #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$WritingByHand #$Writing) (#$genls #$WritingByHand #$HandlingADevice) (#$genls #$WritingByHand #$MarkingOnASurface) (#$comment #$WritingByHand "Writing is the formation of characters or symbols on a suitable surface for transmitting information.") ;;; #$WritingImplement (#$isa #$WritingImplement #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$WritingImplement #$Shaft) (#$genls #$WritingImplement #$HandTool) (#$comment #$WritingImplement "A collection of tools. An instance of #$WritingImplement is a hand-held tool which is intended to be primarily used, by a person, for writing. Subsets include the collections #$Chalk and #$WritingPen (but not #$Typewriter). Note: A marginal example is a PDA, such as an Apple Newton, with a stylus; both items, the PDA and the stylus, can be held in one's hands and used to record one's handwritten notes. Another marginal positive example is a stylus designed to held in the mouth by a quadraplegic person; i.e., `hand-held' is not an absolutely hard and fast constraint here. A close NON-example is a handheld calculator.") ;;; #$XRay (#$isa #$XRay #$WavePropagationType) (#$genls #$XRay #$ElectromagneticRadiation) (#$comment #$XRay "A collection of events; a subset of #$ElectromagneticRadiation. Each element of #$XRay is an instance of electromagnetic radiation that has a #$wavelength range from about 1 #$Angstrom to 1x10^-3 #$Angstroms. Includes X-rays produced both naturally and artificially.") ;;; #$YearFn (#$isa #$YearFn #$NonPredicateFunction) (#$isa #$YearFn #$IndividualDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$YearFn #$CalendarYear) (#$arg1Isa #$YearFn #$Integer) (#$comment #$YearFn "(#$YearFn ?N) denotes a #$CalendarYear -- in particular, the year ?N in the Gregorian calendar. For example (#$YearFn 1966) denotes the year 1966. Non-positive years are permitted: (#$YearFn -1) denotes 1 B.C., (#$YearFn -2) denotes 2 B.C., etc.) There is no (#$YearFn 0), just as in the Gregorian calender there is no year 0. Note that #$YearFn -- unlike #$DayFn, #$MonthFn, etc. -- takes only one argument.") ;;; #$YearsDuration (#$isa #$YearsDuration #$UnitOfMeasure) (#$isa #$YearsDuration #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$isa #$YearsDuration #$UnitOfTime) (#$resultIsa #$YearsDuration #$Time-Quantity) (#$resultIsa #$YearsDuration #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$YearsDuration #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$YearsDuration "This is a function that takes one or two numbers and returns, as its value, some amount of #$Time. An expression of the form (#$YearsDuration ?min ?max) denotes a quantity of #$Time that is at least ?min years and at most ?max years. (#$YearsDuration ?num) denotes a quantity of #$Time that is exactly ?num years.") ;;; #$abnormal (#$isa #$abnormal #$DefaultMonotonicPredicate) (#$isa #$abnormal #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$abnormal #$CycSystemList) (#$arg2Isa #$abnormal #$Assertion) (#$comment #$abnormal "Every default rule in our system P(x1,...,xn) IMPLIES Q(x1,...,xn) is implicitly treated as (not(abnormal(x1,...,xn)) and P(x1,...,xn) IMPLIES Q(x1,...,xn) This allows rules without exceptions to never have to incur the overhead of default reasoning. Exceptions to rules are written like so: (#$exceptWhen R(x1,...,xn) Rule001) and get canonicalized into rules concluding abnormal like so: R(x1,...,xn) IMPLIES (#$abnormal(x1,....,xn) Rule001) Since a different 'abnormality' predicte is needed for every default rule in the system, we instead handle this uniqueness requirement by having a single #$abnormal predicate which takes the rule in question as an argument. Also, the variables over which abnormality is computed is given as a single list. This allows #$abnormal to be binary rather than arbitrary arity. ") ;;; #$above-Directly (#$isa #$above-Directly #$PhysicalFeatureDescribingPredicate) (#$isa #$above-Directly #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$not (#$isa #$above-Directly #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$genlPreds #$above-Directly #$above-Generally) (#$arg1Isa #$above-Directly #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$above-Directly #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$above-Directly "(#$above-Directly ABOVE BELOW) means either (1) the volumetric center of ABOVE is directly above some point of BELOW, if ABOVE is smaller than BELOW; or (2) otherwise, it means that some point of ABOVE is directly above the volumetric center of BELOW.") ;;; #$above-Generally (#$not (#$isa #$above-Generally #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$isa #$above-Generally #$PhysicalFeatureDescribingPredicate) (#$isa #$above-Generally #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$above-Generally #$above-Higher) (#$arg1Isa #$above-Generally #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$above-Generally #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$above-Generally "(#$above-Higher OBJ1 OBJ2) means that OBJ1 is more or less above OBJ2. To be more precise: if OBJ1 would be within a cone-shaped set of vectors within about 45 degrees of #$Up-Directly pointing up from OBJ2 (see #$Up-Generally), then (#$above-Higher OBJ1 OBJ2). This is a wider predicate than #$above-Directly, but narrower than #$above-Higher. It probably most closely conforms to the English word 'above.'") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$above-Generally #$SENSUS-Information1997 "ABOVE") ;;; #$above-Higher (#$isa #$above-Higher #$CotemporalObjectsSlot) (#$isa #$above-Higher #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$above-Higher #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$above-Higher #$SpatialPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$above-Higher #$cotemporal) (#$arg1Isa #$above-Higher #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$above-Higher #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$above-Higher "(#$above-Higher ?OBJ-A ?OBJ-B) means that ?OBJ-A is ``higher up'' than ?OBJ-B. Since most contexts are terrestrial (see #$TerrestrialFrameOfReferenceMt) ``higher up'' typically means that the #$altitudeAboveGround of ?OBJ-A is greater than that of ?OBJ-B.") ;;; #$above-Overhead (#$isa #$above-Overhead #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$not (#$isa #$above-Overhead #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$isa #$above-Overhead #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$above-Overhead #$SpatialPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$above-Overhead #$above-Generally) (#$genlPreds #$above-Overhead #$above-Directly) (#$arg1Isa #$above-Overhead #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$above-Overhead #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$above-Overhead "(#$above-Overhead ABOVE BELOW) means that ABOVE is directly above BELOW, all points of ABOVE are higher than all points of BELOW, and they do NOT touch. Examples: a bomb falling directly above a bunker; a street lamp shining directly above a person standing below.") ;;; #$above-Touching (#$isa #$above-Touching #$SpatialPredicate) (#$isa #$above-Touching #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$not (#$isa #$above-Touching #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$isa #$above-Touching #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$above-Touching #$above-Directly) (#$genlPreds #$above-Touching #$above-Generally) (#$genlPreds #$above-Touching #$touches) (#$arg1Isa #$above-Touching #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$above-Touching #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$above-Touching "(#$above-Touching ABOVE BELOW) means that ABOVE is located over BELOW and they are touching. More precisely, it implies both (#$above-Directly ABOVE BELOW) and that ABOVE #$touches BELOW. Examples: a person sitting on a chair; coffee in a cup; a boat on water; a hat on a head. (Note that not every point of ABOVE must be higher than every point of BELOW.)") ;;; #$accountAdministrator (#$isa #$accountAdministrator #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$accountAdministrator #$Account) (#$arg2Isa #$accountAdministrator #$Agent) (#$comment #$accountAdministrator "The predicate #$accountAdministrator identifies the agent who administers a particular account. (#$accountAdministrator ACCT AGENT) means that the #$Account ACCT is administered by the individual or organization AGENT.") ;;; #$accountBalance (#$isa #$accountBalance #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot) (#$arg1Isa #$accountBalance #$FinancialAccount) (#$arg2Isa #$accountBalance #$Money) (#$comment #$accountBalance "The predicate #$accountBalance is used to indicate the balance of a particular account. (#$accountBalance ACCT BAL) means that the #$FinancialAccount ACCT has the balance BAL; BAL is the amount of #$Money either owed by, or available to, the #$accountHolder (depending upon the type of account).") ;;; #$accountHolder (#$isa #$accountHolder #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$accountHolder #$Account) (#$arg2Isa #$accountHolder #$Agent) (#$comment #$accountHolder "The predicate #$accountHolder identifies the holder of a particular account. (#$accountHolder ACCT AGENT) means that the #$Account ACCT is held by the individual or organization AGENT; thus, money (or some other valuable) is owed to or from AGENT, in the amount shown in the account (see #$accountBalance).") ;;; #$accountStatus (#$isa #$accountStatus #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$accountStatus #$Account) (#$arg2Isa #$accountStatus #$AccountStatusAttribute) (#$comment #$accountStatus "The predicate #$accountStatus indicates whether a particular account is paid up, overdue, delinquent, etc. (#$accountStatus ACCT STATUS) means that the #$Account ACCT has the attribute STATUS (see also #$AccountStatusAttribute).") ;;; #$acknowledgedAct (#$isa #$acknowledgedAct #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$acknowledgedAct #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$acknowledgedAct #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$acknowledgedAct #$startsAfterEndingOf) (#$arg1Isa #$acknowledgedAct #$Acknowledging-CommunicationAct) (#$arg2Isa #$acknowledgedAct #$CommunicationAct-Single) (#$comment #$acknowledgedAct "(#$acknowledgedAct ?ACKACT ?COMACT) means that the #$CommunicationAct-Single ?COMACT is acknowledged and replied-to by the responsive #$Acknowledging-CommunicationAct ?ACKACT. Particular acceptances or rejections of a particular project proposal would involve examples of this predicate, as would a person responding to a wedding invitation, or a court responding to a motion. See also #$responseTo which refers to the abstarct content of the communication.") ;;; #$acquaintances (#$isa #$acquaintances #$TernaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$acquaintances #$Person) (#$arg2Isa #$acquaintances #$Agent) (#$arg3Isa #$acquaintances #$AcquaintanceAttribute) (#$comment #$acquaintances "(#$acquaintances X Y HOW) means that X is acquainted with Y, at least in the way (and/or to the degree) specified by HOW. Note that Y must be an #$Agent, so this is not the predicate to use to express the fact that Fred `is acquainted with' drag racing. Note that, depending on the value for HOW, there may or may not be some way in which Y is acquainted with X. E.g., (#$acquaintances #$Lenat Madonna #$TrueFanAcquaintance) but there is no Z such that (#$acquaintances Madonna #$Lenat Z). Note that X and Y should rarely be instances of #$Entity. In fact, Doug has only been acqainted with Madonna since 1983, so we should write (#$holdsIn (#$TimeIntervalFromFn (#$YearFn 1983) #$Now) (#$acquaintances #$Lenat Madonna #$TrueFanAcquaintance)).") ;;; #$acquaintedWith (#$isa #$acquaintedWith #$CotemporalObjectsSlot) (#$isa #$acquaintedWith #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$acquaintedWith #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$not (#$isa #$acquaintedWith #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$acquaintedWith #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$acquaintedWith #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$genlPreds #$acquaintedWith #$cotemporal) (#$genlInverse #$acquaintedWith #$acquaintedWith) (#$arg1Isa #$acquaintedWith #$IndividualAgent) (#$arg2Isa #$acquaintedWith #$IndividualAgent) (#$comment #$acquaintedWith "(#$acquaintedWith AGENT1 AGENT2) means the #$IndividualAgent AGENT1 is acquainted with the #$IndividualAgent AGENT2 (in the minimal sense that AGENT1 has come into physical or conversational contact with AGENT2, or that they have somehow knowingly communicated with each other). This typically means that each #$IndividualAgent is aware of some facts about the other. In cases where one of the #$IndividualAgents is sentient, this typically includes the ability of this agent to recognize the other by appearance, voice, scent, or some other physical attribute.") ;;; #$actionExpressesFeeling (#$isa #$actionExpressesFeeling #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$actionExpressesFeeling #$Action) (#$arg2Isa #$actionExpressesFeeling #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$arg2Genl #$actionExpressesFeeling #$FeelingAttribute) (#$comment #$actionExpressesFeeling "(#$actionExpressesFeeling ACT EMOTYPE) means that the particular action ACT expresses the doer's feeling of EMOTYPE. Note: additional complications arise in using this in inference, as people can `fake' actions such as laughing, crying, etc., to mislead other people.") ;;; #$actorCapacity (#$isa #$actorCapacity #$TernaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$actorCapacity #$SomethingExisting) (#$arg2Isa #$actorCapacity #$Situation) (#$arg3Isa #$actorCapacity #$CapacityAttribute) (#$comment #$actorCapacity "The predicate #$actorCapacity is used to indicate the capacity in which some entity participates in a particular event or situation. (#$actorCapacity ENTITY SIT CAP) means that ENTITY has an (unspecified) role in SIT with the #$CapacityAttribute CAP. An important use of #$actorCapacity is with the capacity attributes #$MainFunction or #$IntendedFunction to state that a device is serving its #$primaryFunction or intended function (i.e., #$intendedBehaviorCapable) in a certain situation.") ;;; #$actorPartsAffected (#$isa #$actorPartsAffected #$ActorSlot) (#$genlPreds #$actorPartsAffected #$nonDeliberateActors) (#$genlPreds #$actorPartsAffected #$objectActedOn) (#$arg1Isa #$actorPartsAffected #$Event) (#$arg2Isa #$actorPartsAffected #$OrganismPart) (#$arg2Isa #$actorPartsAffected #$AnimalBodyPart) (#$comment #$actorPartsAffected "(#$actorPartsAffected ACT PART) means that PART is an #$objectActedOn in ACT, and it is one of the #$anatomicalParts of the organism which is #$bodilyActedOn in ACT. For example, during a man's morning shave, his #$Beard is an #$actorPartsAffected, but the hand with which he shaves is not, because his beard is changed, but his hand is not changed (`acted on') in any significant way.") ;;; #$actorPartsInvolved (#$isa #$actorPartsInvolved #$ActorSlot) (#$genlPreds #$actorPartsInvolved #$nonDeliberateActors) (#$genlPreds #$actorPartsInvolved #$preActors) (#$arg1Isa #$actorPartsInvolved #$Event) (#$arg2Isa #$actorPartsInvolved #$OrganismPart) (#$comment #$actorPartsInvolved "(#$actorPartsInvolved ACT PART) means that PART is one of the #$anatomicalParts of an organism who has an active role in the event ACT, and, moreover, that PART is somehow involved in the action. Note that the organism to which PART belongs either performs or does ACT; it is not merely an #$objectActedOn. Some examples of #$actorPartsInvolved include: the eyes of someone who is sneezing (or crying); the left foot of someone playing in a football game; the right hand of someone who is shaking hands; the claws of a cat who is scratching someone. As a negative example, consider your hair while you are getting a haircut. It is not an #$actorPartsInvolved, because you are passive in that event; it is, though, an #$actorPartsAffected in that event.") ;;; #$actors (#$isa #$actors #$ActorSlot) (#$genlPreds #$actors #$temporallyIntersects) (#$arg1Isa #$actors #$Event) (#$arg2Isa #$actors #$SomethingExisting) (#$comment #$actors "The predicate #$actors is the most general instance of #$ActorSlot. All other actor slots are specializations of this predicate. Thus, #$actors is a broad concept which includes any entity which is involved in an action. (#$actors EVENT ACTOR) means that ACTOR is somehow meaningfully (directly or indirectly) involved in EVENT during EVENT. Mere cotemporality of objects (somewhere in the universe) with a particular event is not enough `involvement' to make those objects #$actors of that event. Nor is a representation of an event among the #$actors of that event, unless the representation affects the event.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$actors #$SENSUS-Information1997 "PARTICIPANT") ;;; #$actsInCapacity (#$isa #$actsInCapacity #$QuaternaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$actsInCapacity #$Agent) (#$arg2Isa #$actsInCapacity #$ActorSlot) (#$arg3Isa #$actsInCapacity #$ScriptType) (#$arg4Isa #$actsInCapacity #$CapacityAttribute) (#$comment #$actsInCapacity "The predicate #$actsInCapacity indicates the capacity in which an agent participates in certain kinds of actions. (#$actsInCapacity AGENT ROLE SCRIPT-TYPE CAP) means that the agent AGENT plays the role ROLE in instances of SCRIPT-TYPE, and s/he does that role in the capacity CAP. CAP is a #$CapacityAttribute (q.v.) which describes the AGENT's mode of participation--e.g., as a job, hobby, main function, support function, etc. Contrast three cases of acts of #$GreetingSomeone, when #$performedBy: (1) instances of #$Receptionist, in their #$JobCapacity and as their #$MainFunction; (2) instances of #$FlightAttendant, in their #$JobCapacity but as a #$SupportFunction; and (3) instances of #$TrainEngineer, in a #$HobbyCapacity (though they do it while working, it's not part of their job).") ;;; #$addressText (#$isa #$addressText #$FunctionalSlot) (#$arg1Isa #$addressText #$ContactLocation) (#$arg2Isa #$addressText #$Address-LocationDesignator) (#$comment #$addressText "The predicate #$addressText maps a particular element of #$ContactLocation to its #$Address-LocationDesignator, ADDRESS. (#$addressText LOC ADDRESS) means that the #$ContactLocation LOC has the address ADDRESS. For example, the #$addressText of the Cycorp #$MailingLocation is `Cycorp, 3721 Executive Center Dr., Ste. 100, Austin, TX 78731-1615.' See also #$ContactLocation.") ;;; #$adjacentPathsAtJunction (#$isa #$adjacentPathsAtJunction #$CotemporalObjectsSlot) (#$isa #$adjacentPathsAtJunction #$ConnectionPredicate) (#$isa #$adjacentPathsAtJunction #$SpatialPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$adjacentPathsAtJunction #$onPath-Generic) (#$genlPreds #$adjacentPathsAtJunction #$cotemporal) (#$genlPreds #$adjacentPathsAtJunction #$physicalDecompositions) (#$genlPreds #$adjacentPathsAtJunction #$connectedTo) (#$arg1Isa #$adjacentPathsAtJunction #$JunctionOfPaths) (#$arg2Isa #$adjacentPathsAtJunction #$Path-Generic) (#$comment #$adjacentPathsAtJunction "(adjacentPathsAtJunction JUNCT PATH) means that the #$JunctionOfPaths JUNCT has PATH as one of the paths joining it. A junction may connect many paths (it must connect more than one), and a path may pass through many junctions, and may end at a junction. Examples: all the streets meeting at a certain intersection, or the particular trachea and both primary bronchi meeting at the #$TracheobronchialJunction between a certain person's lungs. Within a specified #$PathSystem, a node is the end of all the links to that node; this is established with #$linkBetweenInSystem or #$pathBetweenInSystem.") ;;; #$adjacentTo (#$not (#$isa #$adjacentTo #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$isa #$adjacentTo #$SpatialPredicate) (#$isa #$adjacentTo #$PhysicalFeatureDescribingPredicate) (#$isa #$adjacentTo #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$adjacentTo #$InterExistingObjectSlot) (#$genlPreds #$adjacentTo #$touches) (#$genlInverse #$adjacentTo #$adjacentTo) (#$arg1Isa #$adjacentTo #$SpatialThing) (#$arg2Isa #$adjacentTo #$SpatialThing) (#$comment #$adjacentTo "arg1 and arg2 are touching such that their region of contact is a line (i.e. not a point). Also arg1 is neither above nor below arg2.") ;;; #$affiliatedWith (#$not (#$isa #$affiliatedWith #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$isa #$affiliatedWith #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$affiliatedWith #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$affiliatedWith #$CotemporalObjectsSlot) (#$genlPreds #$affiliatedWith #$cotemporal) (#$genlInverse #$affiliatedWith #$affiliatedWith) (#$arg1Isa #$affiliatedWith #$Agent) (#$arg2Isa #$affiliatedWith #$Agent) (#$comment #$affiliatedWith "(#$affiliatedWith AGENT1 AGENT2) means #$Agents AGENT1 and AGENT2 are somehow affiliated. This is a broad relation, but it involves at least the voluntary entry into an understood relationship, with rights and obligations, by at least one of the affiliated #$Agents; i.e., they may be business partners, kin, employer/employee, one (say a person) may be a member of the other (say an organization), parent-company/subsidiary, etc.") ;;; #$after (#$isa #$after #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$after #$PrimitiveTemporalRelation) (#$isa #$after #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$after #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$after #$TimePoint) (#$arg2Isa #$after #$TimePoint) (#$comment #$after "(#$after ?X ?Y) means #$TimePoint ?X is after (occurs later in time than) #$TimePoint ?Y. Note: Individual #$TimePoints are seldom mentioned in axioms; rather, the axiom is likely to use some #$ComplexTemporalRelation, such as #$startsAfterEndingOf, which holds between two #$TemporalThing. These #$ComplexTemporalRelations are themselves usually defined in terms of #$PrimitiveTemporalRelations, such as #$after and #$simultaneousWith, which relate one #$TimePoint to another.") (#$overlappingExternalConcept #$after #$SENSUS-Information1997 "AFTER") ;;; #$afterAdding (#$isa #$afterAdding #$InferenceRelatedBookkeepingPredicate) (#$isa #$afterAdding #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$afterAdding #$Predicate) (#$arg2Isa #$afterAdding #$CycSystemSymbol) (#$comment #$afterAdding "Whenever a source is added to a gaf use of a predicate, each of that predicate's #$afterAdding functions is called on that source.") ;;; #$afterRemoving (#$isa #$afterRemoving #$InferenceRelatedBookkeepingPredicate) (#$isa #$afterRemoving #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$afterRemoving #$Predicate) (#$arg2Isa #$afterRemoving #$CycSystemSymbol) (#$comment #$afterRemoving "Whenever a source is removed from a gaf use of a predicate, each of that predicate's #$afterRemoving functions is called on that source.") ;;; #$age (#$isa #$age #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot) (#$arg1Isa #$age #$SomethingExisting) (#$arg2Isa #$age #$Time-Quantity) (#$comment #$age "(age THING TIME) means that the thing THING has the age TIME, where thing can be a person, a galaxy, or anything else with temporal extent, e.g., (age MaryShepherd (YearsDuration 40)). The previous assertion is not quite right, however: notice that one can talk about the #$birthDate of a person quite safely, but whenever one makes a statement about the AGE of a person that statement will only be true `for a while' -- i.e., in some temporal context. Therefore it would be a mistake to simply assert to Cyc that (#$age #$Lenat (#$YearsDuration 45)), because that would be true in some contexts and false in others. So what one does is to assert an expression of the form (#$holdsIn ?X (#$age ?Y ?Z)) to indicate that during time interval ?X, the thing ?Y has age ?Z. For example, (#$holdsIn (#$QuarterFn 2 (#$YearFn 1996)) (#$age #$Lenat (#$YearsDuration 45)), which means that Doug is a 45-year-old during the entire second quarter of 1996. It is seldom correct to use #$age outside of some temporal qualification.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$age #$SENSUS-Information1997 "AGE-PROPERTY-ASCRIPTION") ;;; #$agreeingAgents (#$isa #$agreeingAgents #$InterActorSlot) (#$arg1Isa #$agreeingAgents #$Agreement) (#$arg2Isa #$agreeingAgents #$Agent) (#$comment #$agreeingAgents "The predicate #$agreeingAgents relates a particular agreement to the agents who are making the agreement. (#$agreeingAgents AGR PARTY) means that the #$Agreement AGR has the #$Agent PARTY among its agreeing parties. #$agreeingAgents may have specialized roles, such as #$agreeingBuyer or #$agreeingSeller, #$insuringAgent or #$policyHolder, #$employedAgent or #$employingAgent. The #$agreeingAgents will be mentioned in their agreement.") ;;; #$agreementForbids (#$isa #$agreementForbids #$TernaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$agreementForbids #$Agreement) (#$arg2Isa #$agreementForbids #$Agent) (#$arg3Isa #$agreementForbids #$ScriptType) (#$comment #$agreementForbids "The predicate #$agreementForbids is used to indicate types of actions that a particular agent is forbidden from performing under the terms of a particular agreement. (#$agreementForbids AGR AGENT ACT-TYPE) means that the #$Agreement AGR forbids the #$Agent AGENT from ACT-TYPE activities. For example, an instance of #$PeaceAccord #$agreementForbids the governments who signed it from #$WagingWar against one another; or, a business contract may forbid one agent from competing with another after s/he sells rights to a product, design, or practice to the second agent.") ;;; #$agreementPeriod (#$isa #$agreementPeriod #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$agreementPeriod #$Agreement) (#$arg2Isa #$agreementPeriod #$TimeInterval) (#$comment #$agreementPeriod "The predicate #$agreementPeriod is used to indicate the period of time during which a particular agreement is in force. (#$agreementPeriod AGR TIME) means that the #$Agreement AGR holds during the #$TimeInterval TIME; i.e., TIME is the period during which the assertions made in AGR are supposed to be true. TIME may or may not begin at the moment that AGR is created; e.g., I may sign an employment contract on the very day I begin working or several weeks before, to begin on a specified future date. Or an #$agreementPeriod could begin before the agreement was made, e.g., when an agent agreed to pay disputed royalties retroactively.") ;;; #$alertnessLevel (#$isa #$alertnessLevel #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot) (#$arg1Isa #$alertnessLevel #$IndividualAgent) (#$arg2Isa #$alertnessLevel #$Alertness) (#$comment #$alertnessLevel "Predicate (#$alertnessLevel SENTIENT_BEING LEVEL) indicates how alert SENTIENT_BEING is in the period in which the predicate holds. The major levels are #$Unconscious and #$Awake, but more specific attributes such as #$Asleep and #$VeryAlert exist as well.") ;;; #$ambientRelativeHumidity (#$isa #$ambientRelativeHumidity #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot) (#$genlPreds #$ambientRelativeHumidity #$hasAttributes) (#$arg1Isa #$ambientRelativeHumidity #$GeographicalRegion) (#$arg2Isa #$ambientRelativeHumidity #$RelativeHumidity) (#$comment #$ambientRelativeHumidity "(#$ambientRelativeHumidity LOC DEGREE) indicates the DEGREE to which the water vapor content of the air at LOC approaches the total possible saturation (at that temperature).") ;;; #$ambientTemperature (#$isa #$ambientTemperature #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot) (#$arg1Isa #$ambientTemperature #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$ambientTemperature #$Temperature) (#$comment #$ambientTemperature "The predicate #$ambientTemperature is used to indicate the average temperature in the free space around a particular object. (#$ambientTemperature OBJ TEMP) means that the space around the tangible object OBJ is at the #$Temperature TEMP. Used with #$holdsIn (q.v.), #$ambientTemperature expresses the surrounding temperature for a given object at some point in time. For the temperature of the object itself, use #$temperatureOfObject (q.v.).") ;;; #$ambientVisibility (#$isa #$ambientVisibility #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot) (#$genlPreds #$ambientVisibility #$hasAttributes) (#$arg1Isa #$ambientVisibility #$GeographicalRegion) (#$arg2Isa #$ambientVisibility #$Visibility) (#$comment #$ambientVisibility "(#$ambientVisibility LOC DEGREE) indicates how clear the ambient fluid is at the location LOC. Higher values of DEGREE mean one can see farther (than one could have at lower values).") ;;; #$amountOfSalesByToDuring (#$isa #$amountOfSalesByToDuring #$FunctionalPredicate) (#$isa #$amountOfSalesByToDuring #$QuintaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$amountOfSalesByToDuring #$Agent) (#$arg2Isa #$amountOfSalesByToDuring #$Agent) (#$arg3Isa #$amountOfSalesByToDuring #$TimeInterval) (#$arg4Isa #$amountOfSalesByToDuring #$ProductType) (#$arg4Genl #$amountOfSalesByToDuring #$Product) (#$arg5Isa #$amountOfSalesByToDuring #$Money) (#$comment #$amountOfSalesByToDuring "The predicate #$amountOfSalesByToDuring is used to indicate how much of a certain product was sold by a particular seller to a particular buyer. (#$amountOfSalesByToDuring SELLER BUYER TIMEPD PRODTYPE REVENUE) means that, during the #$TimeInterval TIMEPD, SELLER (an #$Agent) sold to BUYER (another #$Agent) some amount of the #$ProductType PRODTYPE, worth the total amount of #$Money REVENUE. For example, to say that a restaurant, #$Threadgills, sold $3000 worth of their pumpkin pies to a local grocery store in November, we would say: (#$amountOfSalesByToDuring #$Threadgills HEBAt2222 (#$MonthFn #$November (#$YearFn 1996)) #$PumpkinPie (#$Dollar-UnitedStates 3000)).") ;;; #$amplitudeOfSignal (#$isa #$amplitudeOfSignal #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot) (#$arg1Isa #$amplitudeOfSignal #$WavePropagation) (#$arg2Isa #$amplitudeOfSignal #$Distance) (#$comment #$amplitudeOfSignal "(#$amplitudeOfSignal ?WAVE ?AMP) means the distance from the average to the extremes of the signal ?WAVE is ?AMP.") ;;; #$analogousFeelings (#$isa #$analogousFeelings #$IntensionalRepresentationPredicate) (#$isa #$analogousFeelings #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$analogousFeelings #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$not (#$isa #$analogousFeelings #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$genlInverse #$analogousFeelings #$analogousFeelings) (#$arg1Isa #$analogousFeelings #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$arg1Genl #$analogousFeelings #$FeelingAttribute) (#$arg2Isa #$analogousFeelings #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$arg2Genl #$analogousFeelings #$FeelingAttribute) (#$comment #$analogousFeelings "(#$analogousFeelings EMOTYPE1 EMOTYPE2) means that a feeling of the type EMOTYPE1 is analogous to a feeling of the type EMOTYPE2. In part, this means that there is a high probability that an agent having an emotion of one type is also feeling an emotion of the other type. Often the two feelings differ only in degree, context, etc. E.g., (#$analogousFeelings #$Irritation #$Anger) and (#$analogousFeelings #$Irritation #$Impatience).") ;;; #$anatomicalPartTypeAffected (#$isa #$anatomicalPartTypeAffected #$BinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$anatomicalPartTypeAffected #$TypePredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$anatomicalPartTypeAffected #$AnimalActivity) (#$arg2Isa #$anatomicalPartTypeAffected #$ExistingObjectType) (#$arg2Genl #$anatomicalPartTypeAffected #$AnimalBodyPart) (#$comment #$anatomicalPartTypeAffected "(#$anatomicalPartTypeAffected ACT BODYPARTTYPE) means that body parts of the #$AnimalBodyPartType BODYPARTTYPE are affected by the action ACT. For example, if BRUSHING is a #$TeethCleaning event, then (#$anatomicalPartTypeAffected BRUSHING #$SetOfTeeth).") ;;; #$anatomicalParts (#$isa #$anatomicalParts #$PhysicalPartPredicate) (#$isa #$anatomicalParts #$CotemporalObjectsSlot) (#$genlPreds #$anatomicalParts #$physicalParts) (#$genlPreds #$anatomicalParts #$cotemporal) (#$arg1Isa #$anatomicalParts #$Organism-Whole) (#$arg2Isa #$anatomicalParts #$OrganismPart) (#$comment #$anatomicalParts "(#$anatomicalParts ORGM PART) means that PART is an anatomical part of the (whole) organism ORGM. Note that to represent the decomposition of parts of subparts --- for example, to say that a finger is part of a hand --- one should use the predicate #$physicalParts (qv), not #$anatomicalParts.") ;;; #$anatomicalResourceRequired (#$isa #$anatomicalResourceRequired #$TernaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$anatomicalResourceRequired #$AnimalActivity) (#$arg2Isa #$anatomicalResourceRequired #$ExistingObjectType) (#$arg2Genl #$anatomicalResourceRequired #$AnimalBodyPart) (#$arg3Isa #$anatomicalResourceRequired #$NonNegativeInteger) (#$comment #$anatomicalResourceRequired "(#$anatomicalResourceRequired ACT BODYPARTTYPE NUM) means that the successful doer of ACT must have this many (NUM) of the #$AnimalBodyPartType BODYPARTTYPE. For example, if VOLANT is an element of #$Flying-FlappingWings, then (#$anatomicalResourceRequired VOLANT #$Wing-AnimalBodyPart 2).") ;;; #$anatomicallyCapableOf (#$isa #$anatomicallyCapableOf #$TernaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$anatomicallyCapableOf #$Animal) (#$arg2Isa #$anatomicallyCapableOf #$Collection) (#$arg2Genl #$anatomicallyCapableOf #$Situation) (#$arg3Isa #$anatomicallyCapableOf #$Role) (#$comment #$anatomicallyCapableOf "The predicate #$anatomicallyCapableOf indicates that an agent is anatomically able to take a certain role in a certain type of situation or event. (#$anatomicallyCapableOf AGENT SIT-TYPE ROLE) means that an individual #$Animal AGENT has the anatomical prerequisites (natural or prosthetic) to act in this ROLE in normal instances of SIT-TYPE. For example, to express that Karen is capable of walking, Cyc would say (#$anatomicallyCapableOf Karen #$BipedWalking #$performedBy). AGENT may or may not have the skills (or other prerequisites) for actually doing a SIT-TYPE. #$anatomicallyCapableOf entails that AGENT satisfies the relevant #$anatomicalResourceRequired constraint--e.g., for Karen's #$BipedWalking, that she has two legs (natural or prosthetic). As a default, Cyc concludes that animals who have the #$anatomicalParts needed for a certain kind of activity are #$anatomicallyCapableOf that activity--for example, that people who have arms and legs are #$anatomicallyCapableOf swimming; those conclusions would be overridden by the additional information that a person was paralyzed.") ;;; #$ancestors (#$isa #$ancestors #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$ancestors #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$ancestors #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$ancestors #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$ancestors #$biologicalRelatives) (#$arg1Isa #$ancestors #$Animal) (#$arg2Isa #$ancestors #$Animal) (#$comment #$ancestors "(#$ancestors YOUNGER OLDER) means OLDER is one of the biological ancestors of YOUNGER. OLDER could be one of YOUNGER's biological parents, biological grandparents, biological great-grandparents, etc.") ;;; #$and (#$isa #$and #$LogicalConnective) (#$isa #$and #$CommutativeRelation) (#$isa #$and #$VariableArityRelation) (#$argsIsa #$and #$CycFormula) (#$comment #$and "The predicate #$and is the conjunction relation in Cyc. #$and is a variable-arity predicate and takes any number of elements of #$CycFormula as its arguments. (#$and P Q ... Z) is true if all of the formulas P, Q, ..., and Z are true in Cyc.") (#$resultIsa #$and #$CycExpression) ;;; #$angularAcceleration (#$isa #$angularAcceleration #$PhysicalAttributeDescriptionSlot) (#$arg1Isa #$angularAcceleration #$PhysicalEvent) (#$arg2Isa #$angularAcceleration #$AngularAccelerationRate) (#$comment #$angularAcceleration "The rate at which the angle to an object is accelerating") ;;; #$appropriateEmotion (#$isa #$appropriateEmotion #$QuaternaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$appropriateEmotion #$Situation) (#$arg2Isa #$appropriateEmotion #$Role) (#$arg3Isa #$appropriateEmotion #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$arg3Genl #$appropriateEmotion #$FeelingAttribute) (#$arg4Isa #$appropriateEmotion #$GenericAttribute) (#$comment #$appropriateEmotion "(#$appropriateEmotion SIT ROLE EMOTYPE DEGREE) means that in the #$Situation SIT, an intelligent agent filling the #$Role ROLE would be expected to feel an emotion of #$FeelingAttributeType EMOTYPE with the intensity DEGREE. If such an agent did not feel that emotion, s/he would generally be considered rude or strange. E.g., a #$High degree of #$Grief is an #$appropriateEmotion for someone in the audience at a funeral (but not for the workers, the deceased, etc.)") ;;; #$approximatePay (#$isa #$approximatePay #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot) (#$arg1Isa #$approximatePay #$OccupationType) (#$arg1Genl #$approximatePay #$Professional) (#$arg2Isa #$approximatePay #$MonetaryFlowRate) (#$comment #$approximatePay "The predicate #$approximatePay is used to estimate a typical amount of pay offered to workers in a specific occupation. (#$approximatePay JOBTYPE RATE) means that a person working in the #$OccupationType JOBTYPE makes approximately the #$MonetaryFlowRate RATE, as earned income. RATE might be expressed in, e.g., #$DollarsPerHour, pounds-per-week, or yen-per-year. RATE refers to average pay for the occupation JOBTYPE, excluding any unearned pay (such as matching 401K contributions) and the value of other employee benefits.") ;;; #$areaOfObject (#$isa #$areaOfObject #$PhysicalAttributeDescriptionSlot) (#$isa #$areaOfObject #$PhysicalAmountSlot) (#$genlPreds #$areaOfObject (#$MeaningInSystemFn #$SENSUS-Information1997 "AREA")) (#$arg1Isa #$areaOfObject #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$areaOfObject #$Area) (#$comment #$areaOfObject "A general slot to denote the area of some object. This could be the area of a #$GeographicalRegion, a desk top, or a cross-section of wire.") ;;; #$areaOfRegion (#$isa #$areaOfRegion #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot) (#$isa #$areaOfRegion #$TangibleObjectPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$areaOfRegion (#$MeaningInSystemFn #$SENSUS-Information1997 "AREA")) (#$genlPreds #$areaOfRegion #$areaOfObject) (#$arg1Isa #$areaOfRegion #$GeographicalRegion) (#$arg2Isa #$areaOfRegion #$Area) (#$comment #$areaOfRegion "The predicate #$areaOfRegion is used to indicate the physical area of a particular region. (#$areaOfRegion REGION AREA) means that the physical size of the #$GeographicalRegion REGION is the #$Area AREA. Examples: (#$areaOfRegion #$LakeErie (#$SquareMile 9940)), (#$areaOfRegion #$Elba-Island-Italy (#$SquareMile 86)), (#$areaOfRegion #$VaticanCity (#$SquareMile 0.17)), (#$areaOfRegion #$China-PeoplesRepublic (#$SquareMile 3705390)). See #$Area for ways of representing areas.") ;;; #$areasOfOrigin (#$isa #$areasOfOrigin #$BinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$areasOfOrigin #$IntensionalRepresentationPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$areasOfOrigin #$EthnicGroupType) (#$arg2Isa #$areasOfOrigin #$GeographicalRegion) (#$comment #$areasOfOrigin "The predicate #$areasOfOrigin relates an ethnic group to a particular region in which its members originated. (#$areasOfOrigin GROUP REGION) means that the #$EthnicGroupType GROUP originated in the #$GeographicalRegion REGION. For example, to indicate that Circassians originated in Asia, we would say (#$areasOfOrigin #$EthnicGroupOfCircassians #$ContinentOfAsia). Ethnic groups may have originated in several different areas; e.g., the #$EthnicGroupOfHutu is native to #$Rwanda, #$Burundi, #$Tanzania, and #$Uganda.") ;;; #$arg1Format (#$isa #$arg1Format #$BinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$arg1Format #$MetaPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$arg1Format #$Predicate) (#$arg2Isa #$arg1Format #$Format) (#$comment #$arg1Format "(#$arg1Format PRED FORMAT) means that FORMAT tells how many different first arguments there can be to PRED, given some fixed set of other arguments. See #$Format for a description of the possible values for FORMAT.") ;;; #$arg1Genl (#$isa #$arg1Genl #$MetaRelation) (#$isa #$arg1Genl #$IntangibleObjectPredicate) (#$isa #$arg1Genl #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$arg1Genl #$Relationship) (#$arg2Isa #$arg1Genl #$Collection) (#$comment #$arg1Genl "(#$arg1Genl REL COL) means that the predicate or function, REL, accepts only first arguments that have the #$Collection COL among their #$genls.") ;;; #$arg1Isa (#$isa #$arg1Isa #$MetaRelation) (#$isa #$arg1Isa #$IntangibleObjectPredicate) (#$isa #$arg1Isa #$FunctionalSlot) (#$isa #$arg1Isa #$DefaultMonotonicPredicate) (#$isa #$arg1Isa #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$arg1Isa #$Relationship) (#$arg2Isa #$arg1Isa #$Collection) (#$comment #$arg1Isa "(#$arg1Isa REL COL) means that anything given as the first argument to the #$Relationship REL must be an element of the #$Collection COL. Examples: (#$arg1Isa #$formsBorderBetween #$SpatialThing), (#$arg1Isa #$seriesOrderedBy #$Series), (#$arg1Isa #$uniquePartTypes #$ExistingObjectType).") ;;; #$arg2Format (#$isa #$arg2Format #$BinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$arg2Format #$MetaPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$arg2Format #$Predicate) (#$arg2Isa #$arg2Format #$Format) (#$comment #$arg2Format "(#$arg2Format PRED FORMAT) means that FORMAT tells how many different second arguments there can be to PRED, given some fixed set of other arguments. See #$Format for a description of the possible values for FORMAT.") ;;; #$arg2Genl (#$isa #$arg2Genl #$MetaRelation) (#$isa #$arg2Genl #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$arg2Genl #$Relationship) (#$arg2Isa #$arg2Genl #$Collection) (#$comment #$arg2Genl "(#$arg2Genl REL COL) means that the predicate or function, REL, accepts only second arguments that have the #$Collection COL among their #$genls.") ;;; #$arg2Isa (#$isa #$arg2Isa #$MetaRelation) (#$isa #$arg2Isa #$IntangibleObjectPredicate) (#$isa #$arg2Isa #$FunctionalSlot) (#$isa #$arg2Isa #$DefaultMonotonicPredicate) (#$isa #$arg2Isa #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$arg2Isa #$Relationship) (#$arg2Isa #$arg2Isa #$Collection) (#$comment #$arg2Isa "(#$arg2Isa REL COL) means that anything given as the second argument to the #$Relationship REL must be an element of the #$Collection COL. Examples: (#$arg2Isa #$sheetSurfaceConnected #$PartiallyTangible), (#$arg2Isa #$salutation #$CourtesyTitle), (#$arg2Isa #$mother #$FemaleAnimal).") ;;; #$arg3Format (#$isa #$arg3Format #$BinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$arg3Format #$MetaPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$arg3Format #$Predicate) (#$arg2Isa #$arg3Format #$Format) (#$comment #$arg3Format "(#$arg3Format PRED FORMAT) means that FORMAT tells how many different third arguments there can be to PRED, given some fixed set of other arguments. See #$Format for a description of the possible values for FORMAT.") ;;; #$arg3Genl (#$isa #$arg3Genl #$MetaRelation) (#$isa #$arg3Genl #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$arg3Genl #$Relationship) (#$arg2Isa #$arg3Genl #$Collection) (#$comment #$arg3Genl "(#$arg3Genl REL COL) means that the predicate or function, REL, accepts only third arguments that have the #$Collection COL among their #$genls.") ;;; #$arg3Isa (#$isa #$arg3Isa #$MetaRelation) (#$isa #$arg3Isa #$IntangibleObjectPredicate) (#$isa #$arg3Isa #$FunctionalSlot) (#$isa #$arg3Isa #$BinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$arg3Isa #$DefaultMonotonicPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$arg3Isa #$Relationship) (#$arg2Isa #$arg3Isa #$Collection) (#$comment #$arg3Isa "(#$arg3Isa REL COL) means that anything given as the third argument to the #$Relationship REL must be an element of the #$Collection COL.") ;;; #$arg4Format (#$isa #$arg4Format #$MetaPredicate) (#$isa #$arg4Format #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$arg4Format #$Predicate) (#$arg2Isa #$arg4Format #$Format) (#$comment #$arg4Format "(#$arg4Format PRED FORMAT) means that FORMAT tells how many different fourth arguments there can be to PRED, given some fixed set of other arguments. See #$Format for a description of the possible values for FORMAT.") ;;; #$arg4Genl (#$isa #$arg4Genl #$MetaRelation) (#$isa #$arg4Genl #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$arg4Genl #$Relationship) (#$arg2Isa #$arg4Genl #$Collection) (#$comment #$arg4Genl "(#$arg4Genl REL COL) means that the fourth argument to the #$Relationship (i.e., predicate or function) REL must be a subset of the #$Collection COL.") ;;; #$arg4Isa (#$isa #$arg4Isa #$MetaRelation) (#$isa #$arg4Isa #$IntangibleObjectPredicate) (#$isa #$arg4Isa #$FunctionalSlot) (#$isa #$arg4Isa #$BinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$arg4Isa #$DefaultMonotonicPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$arg4Isa #$Relationship) (#$arg2Isa #$arg4Isa #$Collection) (#$comment #$arg4Isa "(#$arg4Isa REL COL) means that anything given as the fourth argument to the #$Relationship REL must be an element of the #$Collection COL.") ;;; #$arg5Format (#$isa #$arg5Format #$MetaPredicate) (#$isa #$arg5Format #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$arg5Format #$Predicate) (#$arg2Isa #$arg5Format #$Format) (#$comment #$arg5Format "(#$arg5Format PRED FORMAT) means that FORMAT tells how many different fifth arguments there can be to PRED, given some fixed set of other arguments. See #$Format for a description of the possible values for FORMAT.") ;;; #$arg5Genl (#$isa #$arg5Genl #$MetaRelation) (#$isa #$arg5Genl #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$arg5Genl #$Relationship) (#$arg2Isa #$arg5Genl #$Collection) (#$comment #$arg5Genl "(#$arg5Genl REL COL) means that the fifth argument to the #$Relationship (predicate or function) REL must be a subset of the #$Collection COL.") ;;; #$arg5Isa (#$isa #$arg5Isa #$MetaRelation) (#$isa #$arg5Isa #$IntangibleObjectPredicate) (#$isa #$arg5Isa #$FunctionalSlot) (#$isa #$arg5Isa #$DefaultMonotonicPredicate) (#$isa #$arg5Isa #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$arg5Isa #$Relationship) (#$arg2Isa #$arg5Isa #$Collection) (#$comment #$arg5Isa "(#$arg5Isa REL COL) means that anything given as the fifth argument to the #$Relationship REL must be an element of the #$Collection COL.") ;;; #$argsGenl (#$isa #$argsGenl #$MetaRelation) (#$isa #$argsGenl #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$argsGenl #$Relationship) (#$arg2Isa #$argsGenl #$Collection) (#$comment #$argsGenl "When a relation REL is an element of #$VariableArityRelation, i.e., it takes a variable number of arguments, then (#$argsGenl REL COL) means that all of those arguments must be subsets of COL.") ;;; #$argsIsa (#$isa #$argsIsa #$MetaRelation) (#$isa #$argsIsa #$IntangibleObjectPredicate) (#$isa #$argsIsa #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$argsIsa #$Relationship) (#$arg2Isa #$argsIsa #$Collection) (#$comment #$argsIsa "The predicate #$argsIsa is used with elements of #$Relationship that take an indefinite number of arguments, in order to specify that the values of all the arguments used with that relation must be of a certain type. E.g., to specify that all the arguments to Cyc's addition function, #$PlusFn, must be measurable quantities (i.e., elements of #$ScalarInterval), we assert: (#$argsIsa #$PlusFn #$ScalarInterval). Additional examples: `paths branch only into other paths', i.e., (#$argsIsa #$branchesInto #$Path-Generic); `dinars are measured only in numbers', i.e., (#$argsIsa #$Dinar-Jordan #$CycSystemRealNumber).") ;;; #$arity (#$isa #$arity #$MetaRelation) (#$isa #$arity #$RelationshipPredicate) (#$isa #$arity #$FunctionalSlot) (#$isa #$arity #$BinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$arity #$DefaultMonotonicPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$arity #$Relationship) (#$arg2Isa #$arity #$Integer) (#$comment #$arity "(#$arity REL NUMBER) means that the #$Relationship REL takes the number of arguments given by NUMBER. For example, the #$arity of all instances of #$BinaryPredicate is 2. In particular, (#$arity #$arity 2) since #$arity takes 2 arguments.") ;;; #$assistingAgent (#$isa #$assistingAgent #$ActorSlot) (#$genlPreds #$assistingAgent #$deliberateActors) (#$arg1Isa #$assistingAgent #$Event) (#$arg2Isa #$assistingAgent #$Agent) (#$comment #$assistingAgent "(#$assistingAgent ACT AGENT) means that AGENT is one of the agents assisting in the performance of ACT; AGENT itself may or may not also be performing ACT. AGENT is doing some tasks related to ACT but which are not directly #$subEvents of performing the main or focus action. Thus, `assisting' here means doing such supporting activities as fetching supplies or tools needed in ACT; helping to manipulate objects involved in ACT; gathering an audience, or booking the performer, if ACT is a public performance, and so forth.") ;;; #$atomicNumber (#$isa #$atomicNumber #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot) (#$arg1Isa #$atomicNumber #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons) (#$arg1Genl #$atomicNumber #$ElementStuff) (#$arg2Isa #$atomicNumber #$PositiveInteger) (#$comment #$atomicNumber "The predicate #$atomicNumber indicates the atomic number of a type of element. (#$atomicNumber E N) means that E, a collection belonging to #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons, has the positive integer N for its atomic number. This means that any instance of (#$AtomFn E) must have N #$Protons in its #$AtomicNucleus. For example, (#$atomicNumber #$Carbon 6), and every instance of (#$AtomFn #$Carbon) has six protons in its nucleus.") ;;; #$attitudeTowardsEvent (#$isa #$attitudeTowardsEvent #$QuaternaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$attitudeTowardsEvent #$Animal) (#$arg2Isa #$attitudeTowardsEvent #$Event) (#$arg3Isa #$attitudeTowardsEvent #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$arg3Genl #$attitudeTowardsEvent #$FeelingAttribute) (#$arg4Isa #$attitudeTowardsEvent #$GenericAttribute) (#$comment #$attitudeTowardsEvent "#$attitudeTowardsEvent(AGT EVT EMOTYPE DEGREE) means that the #$SentientAnimal AGT has the attitude EMOTYPE (see #$FeelingAttributeType) about the #$Event EVT with DEGREE of intensity. By `attitude' we mean a feeling which may be latent and/or long-lasting. To refer to feelings that AGT experiences immediately and consciously towards EVT, use #$feelsTowardsEvent.") ;;; #$attitudeTowardsObject (#$isa #$attitudeTowardsObject #$QuaternaryPredicate) (#$isa #$attitudeTowardsObject #$FunctionalPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$attitudeTowardsObject #$Animal) (#$arg2Isa #$attitudeTowardsObject #$Individual) (#$arg3Isa #$attitudeTowardsObject #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$arg3Genl #$attitudeTowardsObject #$FeelingAttribute) (#$arg4Isa #$attitudeTowardsObject #$GenericAttribute) (#$comment #$attitudeTowardsObject "#$attitudeTowardsObject(AGT OBJ EMOTYPE DEGREE) means that the #$SentientAnimal AGT has the attitude EMOTYPE (see #$FeelingAttributeType) about the #$Individual OBJ with DEGREE of intensity. By `attitude' we mean a possibly latent and/or long-lasting feeling. To refer to feelings that AGT experiences immediately and consciously towards OBJ, use #$feelsTowardsObject.") ;;; #$barometricPressure (#$isa #$barometricPressure #$TangibleSubstancePredicate) (#$isa #$barometricPressure #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot) (#$arg1Isa #$barometricPressure #$GaseousTangibleThing) (#$arg2Isa #$barometricPressure #$Pressure) (#$comment #$barometricPressure "(#$barometricPressure GAS PRESS) means that the instance of #$GaseousTangibleThing GAS has the #$Pressure PRESS. Typically, GAS is a piece of atmosphere; #$barometricPressure indicates the atmospheric pressure in and around that `object'.") ;;; #$basicPrice (#$isa #$basicPrice #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot) (#$arg1Isa #$basicPrice #$Individual) (#$arg2Isa #$basicPrice #$Money) (#$comment #$basicPrice "The predicate #$basicPrice indicates the price of a particular item. (#$basicPrice THING MONEY) means that the object or service, THING, has the basic price MONEY. (MONEY can be an interval representing a range of prices.) Note that #$basicPrice refers to the `ticket price' of an item when it is actually bought or offered for sale; #$basicPrice does NOT refer to appraised value (where that differs from an actual selling price). Since prices are time-sensitive, assertions about #$basicPrice should be suitably qualified. For example, the price of a fast-food #$HamburgerSandwich in 1996 is a magnitude greater than what it was in 1965. For the total charge for purchase of an object, including tax, shipping, handling, etc., use #$totalCharge (q.v.).") ;;; #$behaviorCapable (#$isa #$behaviorCapable #$TernaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$behaviorCapable #$SomethingExisting) (#$arg2Isa #$behaviorCapable #$Collection) (#$arg2Genl #$behaviorCapable #$Situation) (#$arg3Isa #$behaviorCapable #$Role) (#$comment #$behaviorCapable "The predicate #$behaviorCapable is used to describe a type of situation (and the role) in which an object can participate due to its intrinsic properties. (#$behaviorCapable OBJ SIT-TYPE ROLE) means that the individual, OBJ, is able to act as a ROLE in a situation of type SIT-TYPE. OBJ may or may not have been designed to function in that way (cf. #$primaryFunction, #$intendedBehaviorCapable). Also, #$behaviorCapable does not imply that OBJ can unquestionably act in that way in every such situation, since extrinsic factors may prevent it; e.g., the object may be in the wrong location, operated by a person lacking the proper skills, certain legal preconditions may not be satisfied, etc. Examples: (intended capability) a hammer is #$behaviorCapable of being the #$deviceUsed in instances of #$HammeringANail; (unintended capability) an inner tube is capable of being the #$deviceUsed in instances of people #$FloatingInLiquid.") ;;; #$behind-Directly (#$not (#$isa #$behind-Directly #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$behind-Directly #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$behind-Directly #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$behind-Directly #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$isa #$behind-Directly #$BinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$behind-Directly #$SpatialPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$behind-Directly #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$behind-Directly #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$behind-Directly "(#$behind-Directly AFT FORE) means that AFT is directly behind FORE. More precisely, it implies both (#$behind-Generally AFT FORE) and that there is at least one line parallel to the backward pointing axis of FORE that intersects both AFT and FORE. Note that FORE must have a back face.") ;;; #$behind-Generally (#$not (#$isa #$behind-Generally #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$behind-Generally #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$behind-Generally #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$behind-Generally #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$isa #$behind-Generally #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$behind-Generally #$SpatialPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$behind-Generally #$near) (#$arg1Isa #$behind-Generally #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$behind-Generally #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$behind-Generally "(#$behind-Generally AFT FORE) means that AFT is behind FORE. More precisely, a line originating at the center of FORE projecting away from the front side of FORE and parallel to the intrinsic front-to-back axis of FORE forms an angle of less than 45 degrees with a line intersecting both AFT and FORE.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$behind-Generally #$SENSUS-Information1997 "BEHIND") ;;; #$beliefStatements (#$isa #$beliefStatements #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$beliefStatements #$BeliefSystem) (#$arg2Isa #$beliefStatements #$CycFormula) (#$comment #$beliefStatements "(#$beliefStatements BSYS PROP) indicates that a belief of the belief system BSYS is stated in the proposition PROP (represented by a #$CycFormula). In other words, each #$BeliefSystems comprises a set of tenets, statements linked to it via this predicate. Note: This is NOT the predicate that ties a particular #$Agent to his/her/its beliefs; for that, see #$beliefs and #$hasBeliefSystems.") ;;; #$beliefs (#$isa #$beliefs #$PropositionalAttitudeSlot) (#$arg1Isa #$beliefs #$Agent) (#$arg2Isa #$beliefs #$CycFormula) (#$comment #$beliefs "(#$beliefs AGT PROP) means that the #$Agent AGT subscribes to the truth of the proposition PROP (represented by a #$CycFormula). PROP states something that AGT believes to be true, but of course PROP may or may not actually be true. Another way to think of this is that PROP is true in the context whose epistemological status is `what AGT believes'. Naturally, PROP may itself be a proposition about beliefs; one would use nested #$beliefs in this fashion to express a rule such as `most Canadians believe that most Americans believe Canada is a US State.'") (#$overlappingExternalConcept #$beliefs #$SENSUS-Information1997 "BELIEVE") ;;; #$beneficiary (#$isa #$beneficiary #$Role) (#$isa #$beneficiary #$BinaryPredicate) (#$genlInverse #$beneficiary #$positiveVestedInterest) (#$arg1Isa #$beneficiary #$Event) (#$arg2Isa #$beneficiary #$Agent) (#$comment #$beneficiary "(#$beneficiary ACT AGT) means that the #$Agent AGT benefits from the performance of the action ACT. Some desire or interest of AGT is served, enabled, helped, or satisfied by the performance of ACT.") (#$overlappingExternalConcept #$beneficiary #$SENSUS-Information1997 "CLIENT") ;;; #$between (#$isa #$between #$TernaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$between #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$between #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg3Isa #$between #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$between "(#$between THIS THAT MID-OBJ) means that MID-OBJ is spatially directly between THIS and THAT. Depending on the context, MID-OBJ may lie on a great circle between THIS and THAT, or on a true Euclidian straight line between them. Note that #$between applies only to physical location. To describe a relationship involving numbers or #$ScalarIntervals, use #$greaterThan or #$followingValue. To describe a 'between' relationship along some particular physical path (like: Austin is between Dallas and San Antonio on Highway I-35), or on some trajectory, see #$betweenOnPath.") (#$overlappingExternalConcept #$between #$SENSUS-Information1997 "BETWEEN") ;;; #$betweenOnPath (#$isa #$betweenOnPath #$QuaternaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$betweenOnPath #$Thing) (#$arg2Isa #$betweenOnPath #$Thing) (#$arg3Isa #$betweenOnPath #$Thing) (#$arg4Isa #$betweenOnPath #$Path-Simple) (#$comment #$betweenOnPath "(#$betweenOnPath X Y Z PATH) means that X, Y and Z are points on the path PATH and X is between Y and Z. Note that this gives no ordering of Y and Z; it just claims that X is between them. Note: Given a #$Path-Customary PATH and points or places on PATH, #$betweenOnPath does not in general determine a linear order (#$TotallyOrderedSet) on the set of all points on PATH when PATH is not part of a specified #$PathSystem. However, in a #$PathSystem SYS, #$betweenOnPath does determine a linear order on the set of all points on PATH in SYS.") ;;; #$biases (#$isa #$biases #$PropositionalAttitudeSlot) (#$genlPreds #$biases #$beliefs) (#$arg1Isa #$biases #$IntelligentAgent) (#$arg2Isa #$biases #$CycFormula) (#$comment #$biases "(#$biases AGT PROP) means that the #$Agent AGT has the unsubstantiated belief PROP (represented by a #$CycFormula). Biases generally are so deeply rooted in the agent that the agent may not be consciously aware that PROP is rationally undersupported, and it may be concomittantly harder to change their mind about PROP. Note: PROP might or might not turn out to be true (in various contexts); often, PROP is some overgeneralization which is sometimes true but often false, or which once was true but now is usually false, etc.") ;;; #$biologicalFather (#$isa #$biologicalFather #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$biologicalFather #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$biologicalFather #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$biologicalFather #$FunctionalSlot) (#$isa #$biologicalFather #$InterExistingObjectSlot) (#$genlPreds #$biologicalFather #$father) (#$genlPreds #$biologicalFather #$biologicalParents) (#$arg1Isa #$biologicalFather #$Animal) (#$arg2Isa #$biologicalFather #$MaleAnimal) (#$comment #$biologicalFather "(#$biologicalFather OFFSPRING MALE) means that #$MaleAnimal MALE is the male biological parent of #$Animal OFFSPRING.") ;;; #$biologicalMother (#$isa #$biologicalMother #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$biologicalMother #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$biologicalMother #$InterExistingObjectSlot) (#$isa #$biologicalMother #$FunctionalSlot) (#$isa #$biologicalMother #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$not (#$isa #$biologicalMother #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$genlPreds #$biologicalMother #$mother) (#$genlPreds #$biologicalMother #$biologicalParents) (#$arg1Isa #$biologicalMother #$Animal) (#$arg2Isa #$biologicalMother #$FemaleAnimal) (#$comment #$biologicalMother "(#$biologicalMother OFFSPRING FEMALE) means that #$FemaleAnimal FEMALE is the female biological parent of the #$Animal OFFSPRING.") ;;; #$biologicalParents (#$isa #$biologicalParents #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$biologicalParents #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$not (#$isa #$biologicalParents #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$isa #$biologicalParents #$InterExistingObjectSlot) (#$genlPreds #$biologicalParents #$biologicalRelatives) (#$arg1Isa #$biologicalParents #$Animal) (#$arg2Isa #$biologicalParents #$Animal) (#$comment #$biologicalParents "(#$biologicalParents OFFSPRING PARENT) means that PARENT is the biological parent of OFFSPRING.") ;;; #$biologicalRelatives (#$isa #$biologicalRelatives #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$biologicalRelatives #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$not (#$isa #$biologicalRelatives #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$genlPreds #$biologicalRelatives #$relatives) (#$genlInverse #$biologicalRelatives #$biologicalRelatives) (#$arg1Isa #$biologicalRelatives #$Animal) (#$arg2Isa #$biologicalRelatives #$Animal) (#$comment #$biologicalRelatives "(#$biologicalRelatives ORG1 ORG2) means that ORG1 and ORG2 are biological relatives, related by birth.") ;;; #$birthChild (#$isa #$birthChild #$ActorSlot) (#$genlPreds #$birthChild #$objectOfStateChange) (#$genlPreds #$birthChild #$bodilyActedOn) (#$arg1Isa #$birthChild #$BirthEvent) (#$arg2Isa #$birthChild #$Animal) (#$comment #$birthChild "(#$birthChild BIRTH ANIM) means that ANIM is the #$Animal that is born in the #$BirthEvent BIRTH.") ;;; #$birthDate (#$isa #$birthDate #$BinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$birthDate #$startingDate) (#$arg1Isa #$birthDate #$Entity) (#$arg2Isa #$birthDate #$Date) (#$comment #$birthDate "(#$birthDate ?X ?Y) indicates that the #$Entity ?X came into existance during #$Date ?Y. For people, this is the date at which they were born, hence the name of this predicate. The first argument to this predicate must be an #$Entity, and not just any old #$SomethingExisting, because we don't want to talk about the #$birthDate or #$dateOfDeath of a subabstraction like AlbertEinsteinWhileAtPrinceton; in other words, proper subabstractions will have #$startingDates and #$endingDates, but only true #$Entitys will have a #$birthDate or #$dateOfDeath") ;;; #$birthParent (#$isa #$birthParent #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$birthParent #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$birthParent #$ActorSlot) (#$genlPreds #$birthParent #$objectOfStateChange) (#$genlPreds #$birthParent #$bodilyDoer) (#$arg1Isa #$birthParent #$BirthEvent) (#$arg2Isa #$birthParent #$Animal) (#$comment #$birthParent "(#$birthParent BIRTH PAR) means that PAR is the parent who is #$bodilyDoer in the #$BirthEvent BIRTH - typically this is also the #$femaleParentActor of the preceding #$BiologicalReproductionEvent.") ;;; #$boardMembers (#$isa #$boardMembers #$BinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$boardMembers #$ExtensionalRepresentationPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$boardMembers #$hasMembers) (#$arg1Isa #$boardMembers #$Organization) (#$arg2Isa #$boardMembers #$Person) (#$comment #$boardMembers "The predicate #$boardMembers relates a particular organization to the persons who serve on its board of directors. (#$boardMembers ORG PERSON) means PERSON belongs to that instance of #$BoardOfDirectors which is responsible for oversight of the #$Organization ORG. A member of the Board of Directors of an organization may or may not be an executive of the organization.") ;;; #$bodilyActedOn (#$isa #$bodilyActedOn #$ActorSlot) (#$genlPreds #$bodilyActedOn #$objectActedOn) (#$arg1Isa #$bodilyActedOn #$Event) (#$arg2Isa #$bodilyActedOn #$Organism-Whole) (#$comment #$bodilyActedOn "The predicate #$bodilyActedOn is used to describe an event in which a living organism is acted on by some external agency. (#$bodilyActedOn EVENT ORG) means that ORG is a living organism (i.e., an #$Organism-Whole) that is being affected in EVENT. ORG itself may be intentionally participating in EVENT (e.g., a person voluntarily getting a haircut) or not (e.g., an animal hit by a car). Either way, the organism ORG is not an active primary `doer' of EVENT. This predicate is appropriately used to identify actors who undergo (instances of) #$DrugTherapy or #$IncurringAnInjury. Note an important contrast with #$bodilyDoer (q.v.): #$bodilyActedOn is for events that merely happen to the body, as opposed to actions the body does. Because the body of an organism is an active `doer' in its instances of #$PhysiologicalCondition, including any #$InjuryCondition (which is the physical process of a body sustaining an injury and responding by healing or deteriorating), an organism is related to events of those kinds with #$bodilyDoer rather than #$bodilyActedOn. By contrast, organisms involved in instances of #$DrugTherapy (which refers to the effect of a drug on the patient) or #$IncurringAnInjury (which refers to the event in which an organism gets injured, rather than the process of its being in an injured and hopefully healing state) should be related to events of those types with #$bodilyActedOn.") ;;; #$bodilyDoer (#$isa #$bodilyDoer #$ActorSlot) (#$genlPreds #$bodilyDoer #$nonDeliberateActors) (#$genlPreds #$bodilyDoer #$doneBy) (#$arg1Isa #$bodilyDoer #$PhysicalEvent) (#$arg2Isa #$bodilyDoer #$Organism-Whole) (#$comment #$bodilyDoer "The predicate #$bodilyDoer relates an event to an organism which does it non-deliberately, which in Cyc means without conscious intention or volition. (#$bodilyDoer EVENT DOER) means that DOER does EVENT (i.e., DOER is not merely subjected to EVENT by external forces), but DOER does EVENT non-deliberately. Note that for certain kinds of actions, considered as a class, organisms are necessarily merely #$bodilyDoers; for example, physical growth, peristalsis, and reflex actions. For other actions, such as breathing, flinching, or shouting, an organism commonly (but not necessarily) acts as #$bodilyDoer; some cases of such events may be deliberately #$performedBy the doer. Note: an organism which dies of natural causes (#$Dying) is the #$bodilyDoer of that event, because of the internal processes the body performs during #$Dying. Also, in certain #$PhysiologicalConditions, including an #$AilmentCondition (such as #$Diabetes) or a healing process, organisms are considered to be #$bodilyDoers because their own bodily processes are creating or sustaining those conditions. An organism killed by an external agent, however, is just the #$bodilyActedOn (q.v.) in that event; therefore, instances of #$Killing-Biological should use #$bodilyActedOn to refer to the organism killed.") ;;; #$boilingPoint (#$isa #$boilingPoint #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot) (#$isa #$boilingPoint #$TangibleSubstancePredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$boilingPoint #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$boilingPoint #$Temperature) (#$comment #$boilingPoint "(#$boilingPoint STUFF TEMP) means that TEMP is the temperature at which the substance STUFF changes from having the attribute #$LiquidStateOfMatter to #$GaseousStateOfMatter (when sufficient energy is input to raise STUFF's temperature through that point). Note that the boiling point of most substances is context-dependent; on a mountaintop in Tibet the boiling point of water is much lower than it is in New York City.") ;;; #$bordersOn (#$isa #$bordersOn #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$bordersOn #$adjacentTo) (#$genlPreds #$bordersOn #$touchesDirectly) (#$genlInverse #$bordersOn #$bordersOn) (#$arg1Isa #$bordersOn #$GeographicalRegion) (#$arg2Isa #$bordersOn #$GeographicalRegion) (#$comment #$bordersOn "(#$bordersOn REGION-1 REGION-2) means that the #$GeographicalRegion REGION-1 and the #$GeographicalRegion REGION-2 are physically adjacent to each other. Examples: (#$bordersOn #$CentralUSATimeZone #$MountainUSATimeZone), (#$bordersOn #$Nepal #$Tibet).") ;;; #$boss (#$not (#$isa #$boss #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$boss #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$boss #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$isa #$boss #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$boss #$CotemporalObjectsSlot) (#$genlPreds #$boss #$cotemporal) (#$genlPreds #$boss #$acquaintedWith) (#$arg1Isa #$boss #$Person) (#$arg2Isa #$boss #$Person) (#$comment #$boss "(#$boss PERSON1 PERSON2) means PERSON1 has PERSON2 for his or her immediate boss or supervisor. Note: There can be more than one boss of a person, even cotemporally. Note: (#$genlPreds #$boss #$acquaintedWith) means that if (#$boss x y), then (#$acquaintedWith x y), which in turn means (#$acquaintances x y #$SimpleContactAcquaintance). I.e., a person and their direct boss are at least simple contact acquaintances.") ;;; #$businessPartners (#$not (#$isa #$businessPartners #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$isa #$businessPartners #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$businessPartners #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$businessPartners #$positiveVestedInterest) (#$genlInverse #$businessPartners #$businessPartners) (#$arg1Isa #$businessPartners #$Agent) (#$arg2Isa #$businessPartners #$Agent) (#$comment #$businessPartners "The predicate #$businessPartners indicates that two agents have jointly undertaken some business project; they are combining resources in some way to further their interests. (#$businessPartners AGENT1 AGENT2) means AGENT1 is in partnership with AGENT2 to engage in business activities. The partners are instances of #$Agent and may belong to either #$Person or #$Organization. The partnership may be formally recognized (e.g., a #$Partnership or some other form of business) or informal.") ;;; #$buyer (#$isa #$buyer #$ActorSlot) (#$isa #$buyer #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$buyer #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$buyer #$exchangers) (#$arg1Isa #$buyer #$CommercialActivity) (#$arg2Isa #$buyer #$Agent) (#$comment #$buyer "The predicate #$buyer relates an agent to a business activity. (#$buyer EVENT AGENT) means that the #$Agent AGENT purchases the goods for sale in the #$CommercialActivity EVENT.") ;;; #$buyingAgent (#$isa #$buyingAgent #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$buyingAgent #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$buyingAgent #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$buyingAgent #$ActorSlot) (#$isa #$buyingAgent #$FunctionalSlot) (#$genlPreds #$buyingAgent #$buyingPerformer) (#$genlPreds #$buyingAgent #$mediators) (#$arg1Isa #$buyingAgent #$CommercialActivity) (#$arg2Isa #$buyingAgent #$LegalAgent) (#$comment #$buyingAgent "A buying agent acts on behalf of a would-be buyer to bring about a buying event involving his/her/its client as the buyer. ") ;;; #$buyingPerformer (#$isa #$buyingPerformer #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$buyingPerformer #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$buyingPerformer #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$buyingPerformer #$ActorSlot) (#$genlPreds #$buyingPerformer #$performedBy) (#$genlPreds #$buyingPerformer #$socialParticipants) (#$arg1Isa #$buyingPerformer #$CommercialActivity) (#$arg2Isa #$buyingPerformer #$LegalAgent) (#$comment #$buyingPerformer "(buyingPerformer ?COM ?AGENT) means that ?AGENT is the #$Agent who actually pursues and attempts to obtain goods or services in a purchase, by performing an active role in the #$CommercialActivity ?COM. Frequently this agent is the same as the #$buyer, but occasionally it is a #$buyingAgent representing the #$buyer.") ;;; #$byProducts (#$isa #$byProducts #$ActorSlot) (#$genlPreds #$byProducts #$outputs) (#$arg1Isa #$byProducts #$CreationOrDestructionEvent) (#$arg2Isa #$byProducts #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$byProducts "(#$byProducts EV OBJ) means that OBJ is one of the outputs of EV, but not one of its intended outputs. For intended outputs, see #$products. For a particular EV and OBJ, it will not be true that both (#$products EV OBJ) and (#$byProducts EV OBJ).") ;;; #$canContainShapes (#$isa #$canContainShapes #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$canContainShapes #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$canContainShapes #$AbstractShape) (#$comment #$canContainShapes "The predicate #$canContainShapes is used to give an approximation of the internal size and shape of particular tangible objects, by relating an object to an abstract region of space described as a geometric shape with definite dimensions. (#$canContainShapes OBJ SHAPE) gives an upper bound for the size of things that can be contained in the object OBJ, by specifying the dimensions of an abstract shape which OBJ can contain. #$canContainShapes uses the elements of #$ShapeFunction (q.v.) for reference, especially the basic shapes generated by #$RectangularSolidFn, #$CylinderFn, and #$SphereFn. For example, the trunk of my Honda Civic #$canContainShapes of (#$RectangularSolidFn (#$Meter 1) (#$Meter 0.5) (#$Meter 0.75)). Cf. #$fitsIn.") ;;; #$capableOf (#$isa #$capableOf #$TernaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$capableOf #$anatomicallyCapableOf) (#$genlPreds #$capableOf #$legallyCapableOf) (#$genlPreds #$capableOf #$fiscallyCapableOf) (#$genlPreds #$capableOf #$skillCapableOf) (#$arg1Isa #$capableOf #$Agent) (#$arg2Isa #$capableOf #$Collection) (#$arg2Genl #$capableOf #$Situation) (#$arg3Isa #$capableOf #$Role) (#$comment #$capableOf "The predicate #$capableOf indicates that an agent is fully able to carry out a certain role in a certain type of situation. (#$capableOf AGT SIT-TYPE ROLE) means that the #$Agent AGT is able to act as described by ROLE in #$Situations of the type SIT-TYPE. #$capableOf entails that AGT is qualified in ALL the relevant ways to fill that ROLE; e.g., AGT is #$anatomicallyCapableOf, #$fiscallyCapableOf, #$legallyCapableOf, and #$skillCapableOf playing that ROLE in SIT-TYPE.") ;;; #$capitalCity (#$isa #$capitalCity #$FunctionalSlot) (#$isa #$capitalCity #$InterExistingObjectSlot) (#$genlPreds #$capitalCity #$geographicalSubRegions) (#$genlPreds #$capitalCity #$controls) (#$genlInverse #$capitalCity #$subOrganizations) (#$arg1Isa #$capitalCity #$GeopoliticalEntity) (#$arg2Isa #$capitalCity #$CapitalCityOfRegion) (#$comment #$capitalCity "The predicate #$capitalCity is used to indicate the capital of a country (only). (#$capitalCity CNTRY CITY) means that CITY is the capital city of the #$Country CNTRY. Examples: the #$capitalCity of the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica is the #$CityOfWashingtonDC; the #$capitalCity of #$Armenia is Yerevan. Note: for regional capitals, use #$capitalCityOfThisState.") ;;; #$cardinality (#$isa #$cardinality #$IntensionalRepresentationPredicate) (#$isa #$cardinality #$FunctionalSlot) (#$arg1Isa #$cardinality #$SetOrCollection) (#$arg2Isa #$cardinality #$Integer) (#$comment #$cardinality "(#$cardinality SETORCOL INTEGER) means that the #$SetOrCollection SETORCOL has INTEGER number of members. For instance, #$TheEmptySet has a #$cardinality of 0.")